ZIONISM

Kibbutz Nir David (also known as Tel Amal) was established in 1936 at the foot of Mount Gilboa. It is known as the first Jewish settlement to be built in those years in the form of a Stockade and Watchtower outpost. Photo: was established in 1936 at the foot of Mount Gilboa. It is known as the first Jewish settlement to be built in those years in the form of a Stockade and Watchtower outpost. Photo:") Kibbutz Nir David (also known as Tel Amal) was established in 1936 at the foot of Mount Gilboa. It is known as the first Jewish settlement to be built in those years in the form of a "Stockade and Watchtower" outpost. Photo: The Central Zionist Archive, Jerusalem.   THE TERM ZIONISM FIRST APPEARED AT THE END OF THE 19TH CENTURY TO DENOTE THE MOVEMENT TO REESTABLISH THE JEWISH HOMELAND IN EREẒ ISRAEL. OVER THE PAST CENTURY, THE NATION OF ISRAEL HAS EXPERIENCED ONE OF THE MOST MIRACULOUS TRANSFORMATIONS IN HUMAN HISTORY. NOWHERE IS THIS MORE CLEARLY REVEALED THAN IN THE VAST DEVELOPMENTS IN ISRAEL'S ARCHITECTURE AND URBAN LANDSCAPE. OFFERED HERE ARE SOME STUNNING BEFORE-AND-AFTER VIEWS OF THE GROWTH OF ISRAEL AS WELL AS SOME OF THE FACES OF ISRAEL'S CITIZENS, WHO HAIL FROM MORE THAN ONE HUNDRED COUNTRIES.   Nir David in 1997. Photo: Albatross Aerial Photography. Nir David in 1997. Photo: Albatross Aerial Photography.     En Harod was first established in 1921 as a kibbutz on the southern side of the Harod valley, near the Harod spring at the foot of Mount Gilboa. Photo: The Central Zionist Archive, Jerusalem. En Harod was first established in 1921 as a kibbutz on the southern side of the Harod valley, near the Harod spring at the foot of Mount Gilboa. Photo: The Central Zionist Archive, Jerusalem.   In the early years of the 21st century En Harod consists of two prospering kibbutzim, each with its own political affiliation. The split occurred in 1951 as a result of a political rift. Photo: Albatross Aerial Photography. In the early years of the 21st century En Harod consists of two prospering kibbutzim, each with its own political affiliation. The split occurred in 1951 as a result of a political rift. Photo: Albatross Aerial Photography.     In the early 20th century the area adjacent to the Western Wall, near the Jewish Quarter of Old Jerusalem, was occupied by the small Mughrabi neighborhood, built in the middle of the 19th century. In the early 20th century the area adjacent to the Western Wall, near the Jewish Quarter of Old Jerusalem, was occupied by the small Mughrabi neighborhood, built in the middle of the 19th century. The far background is dominated by Mount Scopus, still without buildings or trees. On the far left is the Augusta Victoria compound built by German Emperor Wilhelm II. Photo: The Central Zionist Archive, Jerusalem.   A view of the area adjacent to the Western Wall at the end of the 20th century (1997). A large plaza was built in front of the Western Wall to serve the many visitors and the pilgrims who frequent it.. A large plaza was built in front of the Western Wall to serve the many visitors and the pilgrims who frequent it.") A view of the area adjacent to the Western Wall at the end of the 20th century (1997). A large plaza was built in front of the Western Wall to serve the many visitors and the pilgrims who frequent it. The Hebrew University campus is seen on Mount Scopus along the far skyline, behind the Dome of the Rock. Photo: Albatross Aerial Photography     Israel has brought together Jews from all over the world as here, old men from Iraq and Yemen. Photo: Albatross Aerial Photography. Israel has brought together Jews from all over the world – as here, old men from Iraq and Yemen. Photo: Albatross Aerial Photography.     The cliffs along the shoreline in the west of Herzliyyah in the early 1930s Photo: The Central Zionist Archive, Jerusalem. The cliffs along the shoreline in the west of Herzliyyah in the early 1930s Photo: The Central Zionist Archive, Jerusalem.     Hotels, restaurants and other installations of a modern resort area line the shore of Herzliyyah in 1997. The western edge of the city is now one of the most developed tourist areas in the country. Photo: Albatross Aerial Photography. Hotels, restaurants and other installations of a modern resort area line the shore of Herzliyyah in 1997. The western edge of the city is now one of the most developed tourist areas in the country. Photo: Albatross Aerial Photography.     The town and bay of Haifa in the late 1920s after construction there by the British authorities of a modern port and a long jetty. The town and bay of Haifa in the late 1920s after construction there by the British authorities of a modern port and a long jetty. The large building in the foreground is the Technion, the institute of technology established in 1925 in the Jewish district of Hadar ha-Karmel. Photo: The Central Zionist Archive, Jerusalem.   Haifa and its bay in the 1990s. The city now extends over the entire slope of Mount Carmel. The old Herzliyya neighborhood, later known as Hadar ha-Karmel, is now the core of a large city. Photo: Albatross Aerial Photography. Haifa and its bay in the 1990s. The city now extends over the entire slope of Mount Carmel. The old Herzliyya neighborhood, later known as Hadar ha-Karmel, is now the core of a large city. Photo: Albatross Aerial Photography.   Half Title Page ENCYCLOPAEDIA JUDAICA Title Page ENCYCLOPAEDIA JUDAICA SECOND EDITION VOLUME 12 KAT–LIE FRED SKOLNIK, Editor in Chief MICHAEL BERENBAUM, Executive Editor Copyright Page copyright page ENCYCLOPAEDIA JUDAICA, Second Edition Fred Skolnik, Editor in Chief Michael Berenbaum, Executive Editor Shlomo S. (Yosh) Gafni, Editorial Project Manager Rachel Gilon, Editorial Project Planning and Control Gale, an imprint of Cengage Learning Gordon Macomber, President Frank Menchaca, Senior Vice President and Publisher Jay Flynn, Publisher Hélène Potter, Publishing Director Keter Publishing House Yiphtach Dekel, Chief Executive Officer Peter Tomkins, Executive Project Director Complete staff listings appear in Volume 1 ©2007 Keter Publishing House Ltd. Gale, is a part of The Cengage Learning Inc. Cengage, Burst Logo and Macmillan Reference USA are trademarks and Gale is a registered trademark used herein under license. For more information, contact Macmillan Reference USA An imprint of Gale 27500 Drake Rd. 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Jews — Encyclopedias. I. Skolnik, Fred. II. Berenbaum, Michael, 1945- DS102.8.E496 2007 909′.04924 — dc22      2006020426 ISBN-13: 978-0-02-865928-2 (set) 978-0-02-865929-9 (vol. 1) 978-0-02-865930-5 (vol. 2) 978-0-02-865931-2 (vol. 3) 978-0-02-865932-9 (vol. 4) 978-0-02-865933-6 (vol. 5) 978-0-02-865934-3 (vol. 6) 978-0-02-865935-0 (vol. 7) 978-0-02-865936-7 (vol. 8) 978-0-02-865937-4 (vol. 9) 978-0-02-865938-1 (vol. 10) 978-0-02-865939-8 (vol. 11) 978-0-02-865940-4 (vol. 12) 978-0-02-865941-1 (vol. 13) 978-0-02-865942-8 (vol. 14) 978-0-02-865943-5 (vol. 15) 978-0-02-865944-2 (vol. 16) 978-0-02-865945-9 (vol. 17) 978-0-02-865946-6 (vol. 18) 978-0-02-865947-3 (vol. 19) 978-0-02-865948-0 (vol. 20) 978-0-02-865949-7 (vol. 21) 978-0-02-865950-3 (vol. 22) This title is also available as an e-book ISBN-10: 0-02-866097-8 ISBN-13: 978-0-02-866097-4 Contact your Gale, an imprint of Cengage Learning representative for ordering information. Printed in the United States of America 10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 TABLE OF CONTENTS Entries KAT–LIE 5 • Abbreviations GENERAL ABBREVIATIONS 823 ABBREVIATIONS USED IN RABBINICAL LITERATURE 824 BIBLIOGRAPHICAL ABBREVIATIONS 830 • Transliteration Rules 843 Glossary 846 KATCHEN, JULIUS KATCHEN, JULIUS (1926–1969), pianist. Born in New Jersey, Katchen studied with David Saperton in New York. He made his first public appearance at the age of ten and his debut with the Philadelphia Orchestra in 1937. He played with the New York Philharmonic and at the age of 12 gave his first New York recital. Katchen gave up his promising career to study philosophy and English literature at Haverford College. Subsequently awarded a French government fellowship (1945), he settled in Paris, which became his home for the rest of his life. He became a major figure on the international music scene, noted for his powerful musical intelligence and a virtuoso technique, and toured as a soloist, recitalist, and chamber music artist. He was well known for his chamber music collaborations with violinist Joseph Suk and cellist Janos Starker. Katchen maintained a broad repertoire extending from the Classical era to contemporary music, but was most closely associated with Brahms. His death from cancer at the age of 42 robbed the world of a pianist who could convey the feeling that music is the richest and most inclusive reflection of human experience. -BIBLIOGRAPHY: Grove online; MGG2 ; Baker's Biographical Dictionary (1997); N. Rorem. Critical Affairs – A Composer's Journal (1970); C. Meher-Homji, "A Life on the Edge (Julius Katchen)," in: International Piano Quarterly, 3 (Autumn 1999), 38–42. (Naama Ramot (2nd ed.)